Start and end years vary by lake, with starting years ranging from 1894 to 2002 and ending years ranging from 1986 to 2016 (Fig. ![]() We present here a globally-expansive data set of vertical summertime temperature profiles of 153 lakes spanning 26 countries across all 7 continents (Fig. Hence, drivers of, and changes in, full vertical thermal structure do not necessarily mimic those commonly reported for surface water temperatures, but are important if we are to understand the breadth of ecological consequences associated with changing lake thermal structure. The interactions between stratification, wind stress, and basin morphometry also determine whether incoming heat is retained in the epilimnion or mixed to deeper depths 24. Controls on deepwater temperature and vertical thermal structure can also be moderated by lake morphology due to influences of fetch, basin shape, and depth 5, 22, which can also moderate the influence of other drivers on lake thermal structure, such as has been observed for the interaction between lake size and water clarity 23. For example, water clarity is particularly influential on deepwater temperature and strength of stratification due to its control of vertical light and heat distribution throughout the water column 8, 19, 20, 21. However, a more complex interaction exists between atmospheric meteorological drivers and vertical thermal structure, which underscores the importance of other factors to understanding trends in deepwater temperatures and vertical thermal structure. Further, deep waters are areas of critical habitat for many species, and changes in vertical thermal structure at depth can alter population dynamics or trophic interactions based on the quality and availability of suitable habitat 13, 14, 15.ĭrivers of vertical lake thermal structure may include those most important to surface water temperature, including air temperature 3, 4, shortwave and longwave radiation 16, wind speed 17, and relative humidity 18. Changes in vertical thermal structure can affect ecological processes in lakes at depth, including vertical mixing 8, 9, oxygen depletion 10, 11, and productivity 12. Several recent regional- to global-scale studies have quantified generally consistent trends of warming surface waters 3, 4, though few studies at broad geographic scales have considered changes in the full vertical thermal structure of lakes 5, 6, 7. Lakes serve as important sentinels of climate and environmental changes 1, 2, and also as sources of vital ecosystem services, such as fresh drinking water and fisheries. These long-term time series of vertical temperature profiles and corresponding lake characteristics serve as valuable data to help understand changes and drivers of lake thermal structure in a time of rapid global and ecological change. We also compiled lake geographic, morphometric, and water quality variables that can influence vertical thermal structure through a variety of potential mechanisms in these lakes. ![]() Here, we present a globally-expansive data set of summertime in-situ vertical temperature profiles from 153 lakes, with one time series beginning as early as 1894. Though many studies highlight warming of surface water temperatures in lakes worldwide, less is known about long-term trends in full vertical thermal structure and deepwater temperatures, which have been changing less consistently in both direction and magnitude. ![]() Scientific Data volume 8, Article number: 200 ( 2021)Ĭlimate change and other anthropogenic stressors have led to long-term changes in the thermal structure, including surface temperatures, deepwater temperatures, and vertical thermal gradients, in many lakes around the world. Global data set of long-term summertime vertical temperature profiles in 153 lakes
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